SEROTYPING AND ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM LETTUCE AND HUMAN DIARRHEA SAMPLES IN BURKINA FASO.

BACKGROUND: In Burkina Faso dirty water in particular those of the stoppings and the gutter ones are used for vegetables irrigation in the gardens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serotypes from humans and lettuce samples inBurkina Faso. Materials and Methods:Salmonella strains isolated from patients in 2009 to 2015 and lettuce samples in 2014 in Burkina Faso were serotyped using specific antisera. All strains were subjected to a set of 14 antibiotics to study their antibiogram by using Baeur-Kirby disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Out of 154 Salmonella isolated, 60 were from human and 94 from lettuce samples. Serotyping revealed four different serotypes and 39% (60) untypeable strains from human and lettuce (14 and 46 strains). Salmonella serotypes from human and lettuce samples were: Paratyphi A (10% and 22%), Paratyphi B (34% and 8%), Paratyphi C (14% and 18%) and Typhi (21% and 1%). A high resistance of Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella spp to tetracycline were 70% from human and 35 % from lettuce samples. Multiresistance was observed to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and amoxicillin/clavulanic-acid or ampicillin with Salmonella ParatyphiB 35% and Salmonella Typhi 33% from human samples and Salmonella spp 4% from lettuce samples. CONCLUSION: This study showed the diversity of Salmonella serotypes from both clinical and environmental samples and emergence of multiresistant Salmonella to antibiotics in Burkina Faso. A lettuce is a potential source of transmission of Salmonella causing diarrhea among human in Burkina Faso. List of non-standard Abbreviations : HDB: Hôpital du District de Bogodogo, LNSP: Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, DSG : District Sanitaire de Gourcy, DSB : District Sanitaire de Boromo.

Antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, haemolytic and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from three selected Togolese medicinal plants

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, acute toxicity and haemolytic activities of methanolic extracts of three plants. Phytochemical analysis to determine the phenolic contents was also carried out.@*METHODS@#The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, NCCLS broth microdilution and Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase (pLDH) assays were used to determine antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities, respectively. Haemolysis assay was conducted on A(+) human red blood cells and acute toxicity on male Swiss albino mice. Phenolics were quantitatively determined using spectrophotometric methods.@*RESULTS@#The DPPH assay yielded interesting antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Parinari curatellifolia (P. curatellifolia) and Entada africana (E. africana) (IC(50) were 0.20±0.01 μg/mL and 0.47±0.01 μg/mL, respectively). This activity was highly correlated with phenolic contents of extracts. The antimicrobial tests displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranging from 0.90 to 1.80 mg/mL for Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) the most susceptible bacterial strain. MIC value was 1.20 mg/mL for susceptible fungal strains including Mucor rouxi (M. rouxi), Fusarium oxyporum (F. oxyporum) and Rhizopus nigricans (R. nigricans). pLDH assay showed moderate antiplasmodial activity of Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) (IC(50) = 24.56±3.45 μg/mL), however this extract was highly haemolytic and toxic in mice (LD(50) = 625±128 mg/kg).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our results support in part the use of the selected plants in the treatment of microbial infections. In addition the plant showed interesting antioxidant activity that could be useful in the management of oxidative stress.

Carriage of bacteria by proboscises, legs, and feces of two species of flies in street food vending sites in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Flies are widely recognized as potential reservoirs and vectors of bacteria. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess meat-poultry and local fruit juice processing and vending sites for their hygienic status and the presence of houseflies, Musca domestica, and blow flies, Lucilia caesar, for bacterial carriage. The hygienic status results revealed the presence of waste and sewage nearby which provided food and harborage for flies. On the two sites, the M. domestica population was dominant ranging from 76.48 to 91.30%, while the L. caesar population rate ranged from 8.70 to 23.52%. Using specific growth media for bacteria and biochemical tests, bacterial carriage of pooled fly proboscises, legs, and feces were assessed. For both flies, 66.67 to 100% of feces pools were positive for Shigella, Salmonella, and streptococci, while 35.41 to 82.05% of leg and proboscis pools were positive for the same bacteria. In assessment, 0 to 2.56% of feces pools and 8.33 to 28.20% of leg and proboscis pools were staphylococci positive. Coliforms were detected in 100% of pooled organs, while 10 x 10(3) to 1.1 x 10(3) CFU with predominance of coliforms, streptococci, and Shigella were counted on legs and feces of houseflies captured on the two vending sites. Blow flies from the same vending site had an organ bacterial load in the range of 3 x 10(2) to 2.7 x 10(3) CFU per organ. Coliforms, Shigella, and streptococci were present in high numbers. Staphylococci was noticed in low numbers in all parts tested of both flies. Captured housefly and blow fly bacteria-releasing frequency through feces was estimated at 5 to 35 CFU per feces sample for Salmonella and 85 to 495 CFU per feces sample for Shigella.